Introduction to Basic Knowledge of Photovoltaics
Photovoltaic (PV) power generation refers to the method of directly converting solar radiation into electrical energy. It is the mainstream approach for solar energy utilization today, so when people commonly refer to solar power generation, they are typically referring to photovoltaic power generation.
How Does a Photovoltaic Cell Generate Electricity?
A photovoltaic cell is a semiconductor device with the ability to convert light into electricity. It directly transforms solar radiation into direct current (DC) and serves as the fundamental unit of photovoltaic power generation. The unique electrical properties of photovoltaic cells arise from doping certain elements (such as phosphorus or boron) into crystalline silicon, which creates a permanent imbalance in molecular charges within the material. This process forms a semiconductor material with special electrical properties. When exposed to sunlight, free charges are generated within this semiconductor material. These charges move in a specific direction and accumulate, producing electrical energy when the circuit is closed. This phenomenon is known as the "photovoltaic effect."
What Are the Components of a Photovoltaic Power Generation System?
PV Array: Made by connecting multiple photovoltaic modules in series and parallel.
Controller: Regulates and manages system operation.
Battery Bank: Stores electrical energy for later use.
DC/AC Inverter: Converts direct current (DC) generated by the photovoltaic modules into alternating current (AC) for various applications.
The core component of a photovoltaic power generation system is the photovoltaic module, which is composed of photovoltaic cells connected in series and parallel and then encapsulated. These modules directly convert solar energy into electrical energy. The electricity generated is DC, which can be used as is or converted into AC via an inverter for broader applications. From another perspective, the electricity generated by a photovoltaic system can either be used immediately or stored in energy storage devices like batteries for later use when needed.
The above is a basic introduction to photovoltaic knowledge by Hengyuan Tai.