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Photovoltaic modules are one of the core components of a photovoltaic power generation system. The main material of the modules is monocrystalline silicon, which has electrical conductivity between that of conductors and insulators and is classified as a semiconductor. A pure semiconductor with no impurities or crystal lattice defects is called an intrinsic semiconductor. Monocrystalline silicon belongs to group 4 elements, and its chemical structure is relatively stable. To improve its electrical conductivity, donor atoms with five valence electrons or acceptor atoms with three valence electrons are often doped into monocrystalline silicon. This results in the formation of P-type and N-type modules.

P-type modules are those in which a small amount of trivalent elements, such as aluminum (Al), boron (B), etc., are doped into the monocrystalline silicon. When these trivalent elements replace certain silicon atoms in the silicon lattice, they create an additional hole, making the hole density in the module much higher than the electron density. The increase in holes reduces the resistivity, thereby improving the module's electrical conductivity.

P-type modules mainly use PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) battery technology. The manufacturing process for P-type modules is relatively simple, and their cost is relatively low, making them the mainstream type in the market. However, their photovoltaic conversion efficiency is lower than that of N-type modules.

This is an introduction to P-type modules by Hengyuantai.